So, the image produced is larger in size as compared to its original size. In this mirror, the reflecting surface is on the front surface of the mirror lens of which is concave. To overcome the problem associated with a plane mirror, the reflecting …….
Hence, a clear image of the object is not seen during the indirect vision. It is formed due to double reflecting surfaces. The problem with this mirror is the formation of the double image known as ‘ghost image”. Like a regular mirror, the reflecting surface of this mouth mirror is present on the back surface of the mirror glass. Mouth mirrors Plane mirror/flat surface mirror: A mirror may be designed for a single, disposable use or for repeated use. There are basically four types of mouth mirrors: the plane mirror/flat surface mirror, the front surface mirror, the concave mirror, and the double-sided mirror. Mouth mirror or dental mirror consists of a small, cylindrical, metal shaft with a metal disk attached at the end of it, which holds the mirror. Mouth mirror has been used by the dentists and professionals working in the oral health field for many years to assist in viewing inside a patient’s oral cavity. Lasers Classification of periodontal instruments Periodontal instruments can be divided into following categories, Classification of periodontal instruments A rounded working end is called toe whereas a pointed working end is called, the tip. The working end or blade is made up of several components such as the face, cutting edge, back and toe. Functional and terminal shank Working end: Shank can be rigid, moderately rigid or flexible. Long functional shank is needed to reach the tooth surfaces of posterior teeth or root surfaces of teeth with subgingival periodontal pockets whereas short functional shanks are used to remove supragingival calculus deposits or to reach the surface of anterior teeth. The terminal shank extends between the blade and 1st bend. The functional shank extends from the working end to the shank bend closest to instrument handle. Shank can be functional or terminal as described in the following figure. Shank:Īs already stated, shank connects the handle to the working end of the instrument. Serrated knurled handles maximize control and decrease hand fatigue, whereas smooth handles decrease control and increase muscle fatigue. Small handles decrease control and increase muscle fatigue, whereas large handles maximize control and reduce muscle fatigue, but restrict movement in areas where access is limited. Solid handles: reduce tactile transfer and increase fatigue Hollow handles: increase tactile transfer and minimize fatigue Handles with small diameter, heavy solid metal core and smooth, flat texture are generally avoided. Hollow handles are more widely used because of better tactile perception and minimized muscle fatigue. The weight of the handle is determined by its diameter and its core (solid or hollow). Presently, they are available in various weights, diameters, and textures. The handle of the instrument is used for grasping the instrument. Parts of an instrumentįollowing is the detailed description of these three parts of the instruments, Handle: Double-ended instruments with working ends that are mirror images of each other have paired working-ends while instruments with two dissimilar working ends have unpaired working ends. The instrument may be single-ended or double-ended. The working end does the work of the instrument.
Shank connects the handle to the working end and allows adaptation of the working end on the tooth surface. Parts of an instrumentĪn instrument can be broadly divided into three parts: handle, shank, and working end. The following discussion is focused on various aspects of periodontal instrument designs and their specific uses. A thorough knowledge of instruments is mandatory for their appropriate usage. Presently, there is a large range of instruments available for the removal of supra and subgingival calculus, including ultrasonic devices, sickles, hoes, chisels and curettes. Periodontal instruments have been designed specifically to achieve this goal. Removal of these local factors to obtain a clean root surface is mandatory to achieve periodontal health. Local factors like plaque and calculus are the major factors for periodontal disease progression. The re-establishment and maintenance of periodontal health are the main objectives of periodontal treatment. Periobasics Clinical Periodontology, Recent Posts Introduction to periodontal instruments
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